TABLES.DATA

Much of the West African Sahel remains poorly documented in ways that make serious empirical study difficult. Critical records are often fragmented across historical texts, field interviews, humanitarian reports, academic papers, satellite observations, oral accounts, and archival material that are difficult to cross-reference, query, or systematically analyze.
I build structured empirical archives, datasets, and experimental research that reconstruct dispersed knowledge into usable public-interest tools.

Tables.data is curating a collection of referenceable tables for Sahelian public-interest research


THRESHOLD

Every system has a point at which it stops working. Some of these points are technical, like a tracker that goes silent below a network coverage range. Some are biological, like a child whose growth never recovers from early malnutrition. Some are climatic, like a rainfall pattern that no longer supports the crop that has fed a region for generations. Others are economic, behavioural, or infrastructural. Breaking points like these exist across every domain that matters for public-interest research. They are rarely measured in public. When they are crossed, the people on the wrong side of them do not always know it has happened.


After processing 23 source documents across history, conflict, trade, governance, and political economy, Tables.data has reached a major milestone. Volumes I and II are now available, adding more than 300 structured data tables and roughly 700,000 tokens of cross-referenceable content focused on the West African Sahel. Volume III is already underway.

Tables.data Launches Its First Two Volumes

For centuries, the movement of pastoralists and their livestock across the West African Sahel, known as transhumance, has been a cornerstone of survival, a living legend etched into the sands of the Sahel and Saharan landscape. These ancient migration patterns, driven by the search for water and pasture, are deeply intertwined with the region's contemporary security crises. Data from the Mansir's Tables Hub reveals how disruptions to these traditional lifeways, fueled by an interplay of environmental pressures and escalating insecurity, are contributing to widespread conflict.

  

The very routes that once facilitated life are now often blocked or fraught with danger. An analysis of [Pastoralism and Transhumance Patterns](https://www.mansirmuhammed.com/data/e333850e-fec9-41af-965c-ca04e459dea5) shows that "Jihadist insecurity," "blocked/cultivated cattle routes," "loss of grazing reserves," "Boko Haram blocking northeast routes," and "anti-open grazing laws" are significant barriers to traditional movements. These challenges are not isolated as they manifest as tangible "Friction points" in [Cross-Border Transhumance Bilateral Networks](https://www.mansirmuhammed.com/data/5737965e-6bd5-40e4-94d5-330e86168288). Here, factors like "Water scarcity," tensions arising "when pastoralists arrive before crops harvested," and "widespread insecurity in Nigeria reducing Niger pastoralists' willingness to cross" illustrate the direct impact on traditional routes.

  

Across Burkina Faso and Niger, the [Conflict Events and Violence Incidents](https://www.mansirmuhammed.com/data/5db63053-237a-4ba6-83b3-47f6ce22ee65) dataset records a total of 13 unique conflict events and violence incidents between 1990 and 2011. While the dataset does not specify causal links, the nature of many reported events often points to resource competition or identity-based tensions, which are exacerbated when traditional access to land and water is constrained.

  

Furthermore, the human cost of this escalating instability is undeniable. In Niger and Nigeria, the [Named Conflict Incidents with Specific Fatalities](https://www.mansirmuhammed.com/data/cf1ed123-5e7f-40a8-98f6-a906533d271a) dataset documents a cumulative total of 1,027 reported fatalities across just nine specific incidents between 1990 and 2016. These incidents highlight the severe human toll when historical land-use patterns clash with modern land pressures, climate change impacts, and the proliferation of armed actors.

  

In regions like North-West Nigeria, areas encompassing Zamfara, Kaduna, and Katsina experienced significant conflict intensity between 2012 and 2017, as detailed in the [Nigeria Conflict Geography by Region](https://www.mansirmuhammed.com/data/196cab58-3555-4ea3-b7af-bcd1d4153074). The main actors involved in these conflicts often include "bandits," "pastoralist groups," and "farming communities," connecting the direct link between livelihood strategies, resource competition, and violence. The table data also shows the genesis of the crisis in the region.

  

The overall narrative that emerges is one where the legendary paths of transhumance, once symbols of resilience and adaptation, have become flashpoints for conflict. The convergence of climate change reducing available resources, agricultural expansion encroaching on grazing lands, and the pervasive presence of armed groups and insecurity has fundamentally altered the viability of traditional pastoralism. The data cannot establish direct causation for every conflict, but it powerfully illustrates a strong correlation between the disruption of historical ecological practices and the escalation of violence in the Sahel. Understanding these deep-seated connections is crucial for devising sustainable solutions that address both human security and environmental consciousness in the region.

  

## Referenced Tables

  

-   [Pastoralism and Transhumance Patterns (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/e333850e-fec9-41af-965c-ca04e459dea5?ref=tabledata) 6 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Cross-Border Transhumance Bilateral Corridors (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/5737965e-6bd5-40e4-94d5-330e86168288?ref=tabledata) 8 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Conflict Events and Violence Incidents (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/5db63053-237a-4ba6-83b3-47f6ce22ee65?ref=tabledata) 13 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Named Conflict Incidents with Specific Fatalities (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/cf1ed123-5e7f-40a8-98f6-a906533d271a?ref=tabledata) 9 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Nigeria Conflict Geography by Region (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/196cab58-3555-4ea3-b7af-bcd1d4153074?ref=tabledata) 11 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [State Responses to Farmer-Herder Conflicts (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/84acf62e-0e0a-4d12-a7e9-3c71aef41255?ref=tabledata) 17 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Impact of Armed Conflict on Archaeological Sites (Geoarchaeology of Western Sahara)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/b36a1d44-ef60-4f71-a5c2-deed76f4448a?ref=tabledata) 9 rows · Geoarchaeology of Western Sahara
    
-   [Conflict Prevention and Resolution Mechanisms (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/db72c26c-8e2d-4fec-b49f-33d53ee7873b?ref=tabledata) 24 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Nigeria Boko Haram Impact on Pastoralism (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/943541fd-0d91-4bd5-b3ba-1be662ff5109?ref=tabledata) 9 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
-   [Analytical Propositions and Cross-Cutting Findings (Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel)](http://mansirmuhammed.com/data/c4998dad-15c0-4da5-ad20-59e20aee1692?ref=tabledata) 13 rows · Pastoralism and Security West Africa Sahel
    
  

Across multiple Tables-Hub datasets, this investigation shows how centuries-old transhumance routes across the Sahel and Nigeria are increasingly entangled with modern insecurity, resource conflict, and displacement patterns. By connecting fragmented evidence from pastoral movement, violence incidents, and cross-border corridors, the report reveals how traditional migration systems are reshaping today’s security landscape.

Ancient Migrations Collide with Modern Insecurity in the Sahel and Nigeria | Tables-Hub Analysis

Multiple Tables-Hub datasets link centuries-old migration routes to today’s crises in the Sahel and Nigeria.

Ancient Migrations Collide with Modern Insecurity

The **Sahel Table** is a weekly data publication that tracks major regional **developments** in environment, security, economics, and politics across the Sahel and West Africa. Each issue transforms the week's events into structured data for analysis, comparison, and long-term tracking.



**Executive Summary**

This first issue covers events recorded during the seven days leading to **20 June 2026**.

This week's dataset is dominated by **security** and **economic** developments. Armed attacks in Niger, worsening humanitarian conditions across the Central Sahel, and mounting food insecurity continue to shape the regional security landscape. Meanwhile, persistent currency pressures in Nigeria and growing fiscal challenges in Senegal highlight the economic strains facing some of the region's largest economies.

Together, security and economy account for the majority of recorded events this week, illustrating how conflict and economic instability continue to define the region's immediate challenges.




**Key Takeaways**

**Escalating Security and Humanitarian Crisis**

The security situation across the Sahel remains highly volatile, with armed groups continuing to expand operations and humanitarian needs increasing.

-   **Niger:** A major attack by **JNIM** targeted the Niamey airport and nearby military facilities, reportedly killing approximately **35 people**, including **11 soldiers** and **22 attackers**.
    
-   **Regional displacement:** Across **Burkina Faso, Mali, and western Niger**, an estimated **2.8 million people** remain internally displaced, while more than **2,600 conflict-related deaths** have been recorded.
    
-   **Humanitarian funding:** The Central Sahel Humanitarian Response Plan currently requires **US$658.5 million** to meet urgent humanitarian needs.
    


**Food Security Continues to Deteriorate**

Food insecurity remains one of the region's most pressing challenges and is expected to worsen during the June–August lean season.

-   Approximately **41.8 million people** currently face acute food insecurity.
    
-   That number is projected to rise to **52.8 million people** over the coming months.
    
-   In **Borno State, Nigeria**, more than **15,000 people** are assessed to be at risk of **IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe)**—the highest level of food insecurity.
    


 **Economic Pressures Persist**

Major economies across West Africa continue to face fiscal and monetary challenges.

 **Nigeria**

-   The **Naira** continues to weaken, trading around **₦1,400 per US dollar** on the parallel market.
    
-   Inflation is projected to remain around **20%**, further reducing household purchasing power.
    

**Senegal**
-   Rising global oil prices could increase Senegal's fuel subsidy bill by approximately **1.15 trillion CFA francs (about US$2 billion)**.
    
-   Economic growth is expected to slow to **2.5%**, down from **6.7%** recorded the previous year.
    



**Data Snapshot**

The following visualisations summarise this week's structured dataset.

**Distribution of Events by Domain**

Security and economic developments dominate this week's dataset, together accounting for more than **60%** of all recorded events. Humanitarian, governance, environmental, and political developments make up the remainder of reported incidents.


![Distribution of Events by Domain](https://odulokgzghiauockumke.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/images/Events%20by%20Domain.png)


**Distribution of Events by Status**

Most recorded events are classified as **Ongoing** or **Watch**, reflecting persistent conditions rather than isolated incidents. A notable share of security-related events are categorised as **Escalating**, highlighting areas where risks continue to increase and require close monitoring.


 ![Distribution of Events by Status](https://odulokgzghiauockumke.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/images/Distribution%20of%20Events%20by%20Status.png)



The Sahel Table — Weekly Sahel Tracker

Warmed by a hot day's sun, a tiny gust of wind comes to life for the first time, rising over a large body of water, carrying some of it along.

Following that rise, it either freezes and falls back down as rain or travels sideways, becoming a nomadic mass of air — a warm air mass. Its job is to create rain wherever it goes. Even so, most warm air masses will not easily give up their water until a more compelling force makes them.

Scientists still cannot say with confidence what warming will finally do to the Sahel. Some models point to more rainy winds. Others point to a breakdown of the monsoon wind system that has long sustained farming across northern Nigeria. This story reconstructs that uncertainty from the ground up: what 45 years of rainfall, temperature, and crop records already show. The result is a harder truth than the rainfall debate suggests. The rains have, for now, returned. But heat brings a food security crisis, among other concerns. 

All winds travel toward the middle of the globe through a process called global atmospheric circulation — toward a special destination called the equator. This is where the earth is cut in two halves, and the airspace above this zone is a place worth every wind's long journey. Scientists call it the convergence zone. All winds would love to arrive there, yet not all of them will. That is a good thing for the sake of all life on earth.

Minutes have passed since that tiny gust rose over the ocean. It has now been joined by other warm air masses, transforming into a force for global weather called the warm maritime air mass — the monsoon. They travel together toward the convergence zone, spreading rain in their path.

But if all the air masses are travelling in one direction, what do they converge with?

On a cold night, over a large landscape of dry land, another wind comes to life.

This cold air does not have ambitions to travel the world. It would rather remain idle — cold air sinks while warm air rises, and the cold air mass wants to settle down, preferably in the pockets of low pressure left behind by rising warm air. So despite its preference for stillness, it is pulled along, joining other winds rising from land to form a force large enough to counter the maritime winds coming in from the oceans as both move toward the great zone of convergence.

Unlike the maritime air, this one emerged from continental land. Scientists call it the continental air mass because it is drier and colder. And that difference matters for weather to happen anywhere on Earth.

**Battlefronts on the way there**

A lone mass of warm air travelling from the Atlantic Ocean through West Africa will encounter cold air waiting near the coastline. The colder air freezes the moisture out of the warm air, turning it into rain clouds that fall. It is why the coast gets the most rain. For the same reason, a warmer world threatens to raise sea levels that could eventually submerge places like Lagos, as heat loads more water into the atmosphere, and the coast bears the first impact.

A front is where the two air masses meet. When the cold air mass is stronger, it freezes the warmer air and produces rain. When the warmer, wetter air is stronger, it pushes through without losing its water, producing clear skies with no rain at all. Fronts are smaller versions of the convergence zone. The areas within the convergence zone itself are the most sensitive to large-scale changes in weather, including global warming.

**The Intertropical Convergence Zone**

The world's most productive agricultural regions depend on the ITCZ for rain. The convergence zone drives weather across West, Central, and East Africa, often producing two rainy seasons in equatorial regions, including Nigeria, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Ghana, and the Great Lakes region. It shapes the weather of South America's Amazon basin, Central America, and the monsoon systems of South and Southeast Asia. 

**Crossing the 2°C threshold**

As the world moves toward 1.5°C and 2°C of warming, the zone intensifies. The atmosphere holds about 7 percent more moisture for every degree of warming. This is based on a climate science relationship known as the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. More moisture means more rain in many places. But it also means a more unpredictable redistribution of where that rain falls, breaking seasonal cycles and increasing the risk of both major floods and prolonged dry spells.

As the rising temperature continues to enhance the maritime air mass, it messes with the balance with the continental air in the convergence zone. This is called the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and is directly related to ocean and land temperature, and the quality of air masses they now produce. Rain winds travel less inland than they used to. Risking the likelihood of it falling short of reaching the Sahel. The IPCC says this slowdown is already happening and will continue. 

This presents a complicated future for the Sahel specifically. Scientists say they cannot confidently predict what happens to the West African portion of the convergence zone in a warmer world. According to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report, the panel could project a wetter future for many regions as the atmosphere thickens with moisture, "particularly over South and Southeast Asia, East Asia and West Africa, apart from the far west Sahel."

**"Apart from the far west Sahel."**

Nigeria, along with the Sahel countries like Burkina Faso, Mali, the Niger Republic, and the Lake Chad basin, is all within this contested zone where models break down. Armstrong McKay and colleagues, in one of the most cited climate reassessments of 2022, put it plainly: "The existence of a future tipping threshold for the West African Monsoon and Sahel remains uncertain, as does its sign... we retain the Sahel/WAM as a potential regional impact tipping element (low confidence)."

A 2024 multi-model study by Ben-Yami and colleagues, published in Earth's Future, sharpened this picture. They ran an AMOC collapse experiment across four independent leading climate models. This time, the models agreed. Across 95 percent of the land area studied, all four models pointed in the same direction: less rain. They projected a 29 percent reduction in annual rainfall over the West African Monsoon region, with shorter wet seasons and longer dry seasons.

Monsoons are critical to the agricultural rhythms and water supplies of some of the world's most populous countries. For Nigeria, this is also the region where most grain crops are grown, including sorghum, maize, and millet, major food crops to feed the entire country. A disruption of this leads to a national food crisis.

**Millet survives. The others are already failing**

Across 232 local government areas in northern Nigeria's states are the regions most exposed to what the changing weather brings. We measured 45 years of rainfall records against the crop requirements for the three staple grains. The temperature stress thresholds for each crop were derived empirically from the observed relationship between ERA5 temperature data and crop viability outcomes across that same period. The crop water parameters follow FAO Paper 56 standards.

Millet is the toughest of the three. It is the drought-resistant crop that farmers fall back on when the farming calendar stops working. The current climate puts millet just 0.12 degrees Celsius above its own empirical stress threshold. At the current rate of warming, millet reaches that line somewhere around 2041.

The other crops have already crossed it.

For every degree Celsius of additional warmth, maize viability in northern Nigeria drops by approximately 12 percent. That figure comes from 45 years of observed data on what actually happened between 1981 and 2025. When we identified the temperature level at which maize shifted from struggling to consistently failing across the region, and matched it against the observed temperature record, the crossing point was around the year 2001. Maize has been farming above its heat stress threshold for roughly two decades.

In Borno and Yobe — the driest and hottest states in the study area, about 25 local government areas cannot reliably grow maize under the current observed climate, and 12 cannot reliably grow sorghum. This is the 45-year historical record showing that the food system in northeastern Nigeria is not waiting for a future crisis. It is already in one.

Sorghum crossed its own heat stress threshold sometime in the mid-1980s.

Meanwhile, the rainfall picture tells a different story than the one most people expect. Since 1981, the July-August-September monsoon over northern Nigeria has been delivering more rainfall every year — approximately 3 millimetres more annually on average. Over the full 45-year record, northern Nigeria now receives roughly 25 percent more rain than it did at the start. This is consistent with what ecologists have been documenting since the 2000s: a partial recovery of the Sahel after the major droughts of the 1970s and 1980s. Greenhouse warming, for now, is winning the rainfall argument, threatening climate and food crises.

But rainfall alone is not what is failing northern Nigeria's food system. The problem is thermal. The rains came back due to the rising heat. The same mechanism is equally likely to cause drought. The Sahel is at the centre of this crisis.

All data, code, and methodology can be found at [mansirmuhammed.com](http://mansirmuhammed.com). And in the project’s GitHub [repository](http://github/mansirtech/storyofweather).**

Northern Nigeria is getting wetter, hotter, and harder to predict. In the climate zone where models break down, the Sahel’s food system is already crossing its limits.

When the Rains Return, the Crops Still Fail

Notes from a researcher trying to build a tracking system for Nigerian kidnapping victims.

Why GPS Tracking Fails in Nigeria’s Kidnapping Forests

This animated film chronicles the tables.data project, which transforms archival documents on the Sahel and Hausaland into searchable, high-fidelity data, mapping the region's history from 1615 to the present. The film explores how informal economies and trade routes persist over time, linking colonial records with contemporary banditry surveys in the Bahaushe library’s research. Ultimately, the project structures 700,000 tokens across two volumes, revealing enduring historical patterns of conflict, trade, and political legitimacy.

Tables.data Volumes 1 & 2: Official Animated Film Release

What happens when you pit one adult male against the average ten-year-old from every country on Earth?

This film works through that question using real survey data — WHO Child Growth Standards and the UNICEF–WHO–World Bank Joint Malnutrition Estimates (2024) — to build adjusted body weight profiles for children across 162 countries. The adult subject is modelled on documented biomechanical parameters based on his physical attributes: 84 kg bodyweight, 33 age, 109.1 kg lean body mass (Boer 1984), 1,232 N peak strike force, and a 205.3 cm wingspan.

Fighting Every 10-Year-Old on Earth

A cinematic reconstruction of what GPS/GSM tracking would actually require to work in Nigeria’s ungoverned forest kidnapping hotspots. Through one recurring landscape, the film follows the life of a tracking signal as battery limits, missing cell coverage, movement time, and human response windows narrow the chance of rescue into seconds. It is a story about technology, infrastructure, and the line where both begin to fail.



SIGNAL Lost

In this reconstructed Sahel village, we live through 45 years of the past and 15 years into the future, following the rain winds misbehaving due to the impact of climate change. Food stress serves as an indicator of the current and impending crisis. Sorghum's stress threshold quietly slipped across in the mid-1980s. Maize crossed its own in 2001. As we approach 2°C warming levels, the rains are larger than they were in 1981, yet the harvest goes thin anyway because heat brought the rain, and heat will take it back. By 2041, the village's last fallback crop, millet, will hit its own breaking point.

Threshold Lived: A Sahel Village, 1981–2041

This four-minute visualisation follows a single gust of wind from its birth over the Gulf of Guinea to become the same wind that delivers the monsoon. Watch what becomes of it across forty-five years of warming. 

We reconstruct how this affects life, especially agriculture. In northern Nigeria, sorghum crossed its heat threshold in the mid-1980s. Maize crossed its own in 2001. Millet, the toughest of the three staple grains, is about one-tenth of a degree above its own threshold. At the current rate of warming, it will break in 2041.

 Built on ERA5, CHIRPS v2.0, FAO Paper 56, and the 2024 Ben-Yami AMOC-collapse experiment.

Threshold: The Year the Calendar Broke

Q2 — Bad Seasons in a Warmer World. An animated data visualization examining how rising global temperatures are reshaping seasonal patterns — compressing cold seasons, extending heat extremes, and breaking the rhythms that agriculture, ecosystems, and human infrastructure were built around.

 Bad Seasons in a Warmer World

The principal, fellows, sponsors, and collaborators who make the work possible.